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タイトル:舒从亠仆 亟舒从仆亠 名前:RobertFab e-mail URL A whole different mindset
Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely.
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On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness.
Its just a very, very different concept on the moon, Betts said. And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, thats a whole other set of confusion.
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Itll be challenging for those astronauts, Betts added. Its so different than Earth, and its just a whole different mindset.
That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts watches.
Still, precision timekeeping matters not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions.
The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon.
And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system.
We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn, Gramling said, so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.[RES][No.220] 2025/04/12 02:29
名前:Jamespeege e-mail 亳亶 亠于亳 亟仍 亠仄仂仆舒 从仂仆亟亳亳仂仆亠仂于, 亰仆舒亶亠 https://newfilms.in/profile/purebreeze/>https://newfilms.in/profile/purebreeze/ [No.219] 2025/04/12 02:26
タイトル:kraken 于仂亟 名前:AlonzoFem e-mail URL Space, time: The continual question
If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel.
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To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einsteins theory of special relativity.
Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earths surface, it also travels at high speeds looping the planet 16 times per day so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule.
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For other missions its not so simple.
Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities.
Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said.
They maintain their own time, Gramling said. And most of our operations for spacecraft even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything theyre doing has to correlate with UTC.
But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know based on their own time scale when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added.
For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon.
Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said.
We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground, Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. Obviously, its not as easy as it sounds, but its easier than making a mess.[RES][No.218] 2025/04/12 02:24
タイトル:kraken 亰舒亶亳 名前:AndreGor e-mail URL Lunar clockwork
What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon.
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Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where theyll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said.
We have to work all of this out, she said. I dont think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.
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Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability.
You never trust one clock, Gramling added. And you never trust two clocks.
Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit.
As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper.
But, Patla said, you get what you pay for.
The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds, he added. And that is important because for navigation purposes we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.
A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth.
(There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: No, she said. But that could change in the future.)[RES][No.217] 2025/04/12 02:23
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タイトル:仍亳仆亳从舒 丐亠亰于仂仍亳仆亳从. 舒仗亠仍仆亳舒 仂 亰舒仗仂 名前:MichaelFluef e-mail URL 丼亠仄 舒仆亠 仗仂于亠亟亠仆舒 亟亠仂从亳从舒亳, 亠仄 仄亠仆亠 亳从 舒亰于亳亳 亠亠亰仆 仗仂仍亠亟于亳亶, 舒从亳 从舒从 亳仆舒从, 亳仆仍, 舒仍从仂亞仂仍仆亶 仗亳仂亰, 亳仂亰 仗亠亠仆亳.
仂亟仂弍仆亠亠 - http://kapelnica-ot-zapoya-moskva0.ru/kapelnicza-ot-zapoya-czena-msk/[RES][No.215] 2025/04/12 02:19
タイトル:舒从仂仍仂亞亳亠从舒 从仍亳仆亳从舒 丐亠亰于仂仍亳仆亳从. 舒仗亠仍仆亳舒 仂 亰舒仗仂 亠仆舒 名前:MichaelFluef e-mail URL 丼亠仄 舒仆亠 仗仂于亠亟亠仆舒 亟亠仂从亳从舒亳, 亠仄 仄亠仆亠 亳从 舒亰于亳亳 亠亠亰仆 仗仂仍亠亟于亳亶, 舒从亳 从舒从 亳仆舒从, 亳仆仍, 舒仍从仂亞仂仍仆亶 仗亳仂亰, 亳仂亰 仗亠亠仆亳.
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丕亟舒亳![RES][No.212] 2025/04/12 02:12
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亠舒仍仆亠亠 - https://kapelnica-ot-zapoya-krasnodar7.ru/>从舒仗亠仍仆亳舒 仂 亰舒仗仂 从仍亳仆亳从舒 于 从舒仆仂亟舒亠[RES][No.205] 2025/04/12 01:21